考研资讯

2007北京太奇培训学校考研英语强化班授课讲义(十五)

2007-02-14

2007北京太奇培训学校考研英语强化班授课讲义(十五)

2007 – KY– 15 内部资料翻印必究

I. Use of English (Cloze)

Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is ___1___, the other is the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. ____2____ any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out ___3___ effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or ___4___ , often enough, in other departments of the same firm.

The degree of secrecy naturally ____5___ considerably. Some of the bigger firms are ___6___ in researches which are ___7____ such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive ___8___ to them not to keep them secret. ___9___ a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy___10 ___the stage at which patents can be ____11___ . Even more processes are never patented ___12___ but kept as secret processes. This ___13___ particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part ___14___ they do in physical and mechanical industries.

Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an ___15___ that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in ____16___ technical or scientific books from libraries ___17___ they are unwilling to have their names entered ___18___ having taken out such and such a book, ___19___ the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be ____20___ . (269 words)

1. A. kept up             B. carried out           C. set up                D. worked out
2. A. In so far as          B. For all that     C. Just as                D. As far as
3. A. to                 B. within           C. from                  D. for
4. A. so                 B. else                 C. still                  D. even
5. A. varies             B. revises       C. modifies               D. alters
6. A. participated         B. embarked           C. engaged               D. dedicated
7. A. with               B. of                  C. in                    D. beyond
8. A. fault               B. failure              C. merit                  D. advantage
9. A. Yet                B. Furthermore          C. Consequently          D. Otherwise
10. A. when              B. until                C. unless                D. after
11. A. taken out           B. made out            C. turned out              D. searched out
12. A. at large             B. at stake            C. at all                 D. at once
13. A. fits                B. suits                 C. conforms              D. applies
14. A. which              B. than                C. as                    D. that
15. A. excess             B. exception            C. extreme               D. extent
16. A. attaining            B. acquiring             C. obtaining              D. achieving
17. A. because            B. though              C. if                    D. where
18. A. for                B. before               C. into                  D. as
19. A. much as            B. for fear             C. even if                D. as though
20. A. understanding       B. undermining          C. undergoing             D. undertaking

II. 选择搭配题

Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about divorce and alternative lifestyles. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A–F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A] The problems divorce has brought about
[B] Does high divorce rate mean refusal to marry?
[C] Children’s rights are well protected
[D] The root of high divorce rate in America
[E] Sex equality is apparent in American divorces
[F] Certain marriages are more likely to break

During the traditional wedding ceremony, the bridal couple promise each other lifelong devotion. Yet, about one out of four American marriages ends in divorce. Since 1940, the divorce rate has more than doubled, and experts predict that, of all marriages that occurred in the 1970s, about 50% will end in divorce. The U.S.A. has one of the highest divorce rates in the world, perhaps even the highest.

What goes wrong? The fact that divorce is so common in the United States does not mean that Americans consider marriage a casual, unimportant relationship. Just the opposite is true. Americans expect a great deal from marriage. They seek physical, emotional, and intellectual compatibility. They want to be deeply loved and understood. It is because Americans expect so much from marriage that so many get divorced. They prefer no marriage at all to a marriage without love and understanding.

Which marriages are most likely to end in divorce? Marriages between people with low incomes or limited education and marriages between teenagers are at greatest risk. The number of divorces between couples with children under the age of 18 is declining, and almost 45% of divorcing couples are childless.

When a couple gets divorced, the court may require the man to pay his former wife a monthly sum of money called alimony. The amount of alimony depends on the husband’s income, the wife’s needs, and the length of the marriage. If the woman is working and earns a good salary, she may receive no alimony at all. Occasionally, the court decides that a woman should pay her husband alimony. About 10% of American women outearn their husbands. If the woman has totally supported her husband during the marriage, the court may decide that she must continue to support him after the divorce. This is a rather new concept in the United States.

If a divorcing couple has children, the court must determine which parent the children will live with and who will provide for their support. In most cases, the children live with the mother, and the father pays child support and has visitation rights. However, it is not uncommon for a father to get full custody or joint custody of his children when this arrangement seems to be in the children’s best interest.

The high risk of divorce doesn’t seem to make Americans afraid to try marriage—again and again. By middle age, about 95% of Americans have been married at least once. About 80% of those who get divorced eventually remarry. Only in Japan is the married proportion of the population as high as it is in the U.S. A. In fact, remarriage and the creation of new families is so common in the United States that one American joke tells of a wife calling to her second husband, “Quick, John! Come here and help me! Your children and my children are beating up our children!”

Despite the dominance of the married lifestyle, the number of people choosing alternative lifestyles is increasing, and their behavior is increasingly accepted by the general population. The number of unmarried couples living together rose from about 500,000 in 1970 to about 2.6 million in 1988. Many older people are horrified by the growing trend of unmarried couples living together. However, it is not just an American trend. It’s even more common in Europe than in the U.S.A.

(课外练习下次课给答案)

Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about You’re Stuck. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A] Load up on new tools
[B] Be creative
[C] Avoid taking cover
[D] Look beyond your job description
[E] Manage your own PR
[F] Build a circle of allies

As companies continue to cut costs, the days of frequent promotions are a distant memory. So are the days of endless opportunities to show off your skills. Layoff survivors, faced with fewer options are finding themselves in career purgatory—there’s no way up and no way out.

After talking to career coaches, manager, recruiters, and psychologists, Fortune put together the following tips to help workers break free from the inertia.

Don’t hide out behind your computer. “You should really work to increase or maintain the visibility that you have,” says David Opton, founder and CEO of career management firm ExecuNet. Speak up in meetings, join task forces, and volunteer for difficult projects that co-workers aren’t willing to tackle.

Fortify your current relationships and work on making new ones, both within and outside the office. “Allies will be helpful in terms of letting your know information, like if there’s a job possibility that comes up,” says Dee Soder, founder of the CEO Perspective Group. Who you know can make a big difference, especially in difficult times.

This is the perfect time to acquire new expertise. (If the boss can’t pay, do it on your own.) Brush up on computer skills, audit a class, or get a certificate or degree in your field – and when jobs do open up, you’ll be ready.

People don’t get promotions just because they do their jobs well; they get promotions because they take initiative. Lauren Dolliva, a partner at recruiting firm Heidrick & Struggles International, has a client looking to hire a COO. When someone brought up the VP of operations, who was the obvious candidate for the job, the CEO rejected him outright. “He said no because the VP only does what’s expected,” says Doliva. “The CEO didn’t see him as someone who would take the risks and the time to do the job better.”

Doing well is part productivity and part publicity,” says Marilyn Moats Kennedy, a managing partner at Career Strategies. Let people know when you put in the extra effort to get a project done early. Without being cheesy, make sure that you’re giving off the right vibes by keeping a positive attitude, avoiding emotional outburst, and appearing calm and organized. And don’t forget to look the part. Many didn’t get promotions because of their professional presence—grooming, clothes, and body language.

III. English-Chinese Translation

How can science be encouraged to flourish and grow? How can the results of science be used to the best purpose for the benefit of humanity? 1) It was to find the answers to these questions, which are not merely academic but practical ones, that this whole inquiry into the place of science in society was undertaken. It can be justified only in so far as it helps to find them.

The way to answer the first question is to find the best conditions, external and internal, which have in the past helped the progress of science and to anticipate the changed needs of the present and future. The answer to the second question, which depends on the first, is set out towards the end of this chapter. Some of the external conditions for the flourishing of science in the past have already been discussed. 2) In essence they are provided only in periods of social and economic advance, when science is given social importance and material means and is continually stimulated to new activity by problems presented to it from the economic and social spheres.

3) Now these problems have been essentially, as we have seen, those that touched the interests of the ruling class of the time, whether real, like navigation, or imaginary, like astrology. 4) The opportunity and the honor given to the practitioners of science at any time are a measure of the degree to which they serve at these interests. They are greatest in periods of active advance, because then the people who are occupied with science are closely in touch with the main economic interests, and are often drawn from the directing classes themselves or are brought into their counsels because of their abilities. We have had many examples in these pages such as: Archimedes, Grosseteste, Leonardo, Galileo, Boyle, Davy, Pasteur, Kelvin.

5) But for the secure advance of science it is also essential that those interests should lie along lines which bring the scientists into connection with constructive practical activities. For example, the relative sterility of natural science in the times between Pericles and Alexander is an indication of what able and gifted individuals could fail to do, if divorced from any relation to production through the overriding interests of the political problems of a decaying, small-city, slave society. (386 words)

IV. Writing

Directions:You are working as a part-timer for a foreign enterprise, your boss is asking you to writing a letter for him to John, one of the staff members, to reject a proposal on expanding field operations.

Write a letter to John to:
1) thank him for the proposal,
2) tell him gently but firmly why his offer cannot be accepted,
3) give him some encouragement for future efforts.

Letter of Rejecting

Dear John,

I read with great interest your proposal to expand our field operations. Thanks for taking time to present this idea. 这个计划听起来不错，但是很遗憾目前还派不上用场。

As you know, we are making preparations to introduce several new products, and recent figures indicate this operation is going to draw on all our available resources for the next eight months.只是我们现在还没有资金，人力或者培训能力来拓展我们的地盘。You may be certain I’ll remember your suggestion if the right time comes.

希望能收到更多像你提供的这种好点子，那将会使我的工作变得更轻松。Thanks, John.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

作业：1. 认真复习本单元内容。 2. 词汇背记必须结合完形、阅读和英译汉练习。 3. 在使用“复习指导”时，要注意各章分头全面推进，并针对自己的弱项选择相关章节做重点突破。

赠言：要有收获就必须不断投入。全神贯注是事业成功的必修课。胜利往往就在于坚忍不拔。

选择搭配题参考译文(1)

在传统的婚礼上，新郎和新娘会相互许诺终生相爱。然而美国约有1/4的婚姻以离异收场。自1940年以来，离婚率增长了一倍还多，专家预言，20世纪70年代的婚姻中，约有50% 会以离婚告终。美国是世界上离婚率最高的国家之一，也许可称世界之最。

问题究竟出在哪里呢？离婚在美国司空见惯并不意味着美国人视夫妻关系为儿戏，恰恰相反，他们对婚姻的期望值很高。他们追求肉体和谐、情感相通和智力相当，他们希望彼此深知深爱。正是因为美国人对婚姻的期望值太高，才使离异的人居高不下。他们宁愿不结婚，也不要没有爱情和缺乏理解的婚姻。

哪一种婚姻